I48.91 Insurance Policy Changes

ICD-10 I48.91 is officially defined as "Unspecified atrial fibrillation." code I48.91 is referenced in 16 tracked payer policy changes from Excellus BlueCross BlueShield, Aetna, and 2 other payers. For billers and coders, staying current on payer-specific coverage criteria, reimbursement rules, and prior-authorization requirements for code I48.91 is critical to clean claim submission. Each entry below links to the full policy analysis with effective dates and action steps.

Excellus BlueCross BlueShield · Effective Sep 17, 2026Medium impact
Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices 7.01.92
Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion devices, such as WATCHMAN and Amplatzer Amulet, are considered medically appropriate when the device is FDA approved, the patient has nonvalvular atrial fibrillation with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 2 or greater, systemic anticoagulation is recommended, and long-term anticoagulation risks outweigh the risks of implantation. Surgical LAA exclusion during cardiac surgery is considered medically appropriate when the patient plans long-term anticoagulation after surgery, the goal is to reduce stroke risk, and the patient has atrial fibrillation with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 2 or greater or equivalent stroke risk. Surgical LAA exclusion devices, including AtriClip, are considered investigational for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation as a stand-alone procedure or during a thoracoscopic cardiac procedure, and the current effective date is September 17, 2026.
Aetna · Identified Aug 18, 2026Medium impact
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cardiovascular System - Cardiac MRI (CPB 0520, reviewed 2025-08-13)
Aetna considers cardiac MRI medically necessary for a defined list of cardiovascular indications, including thoracic aortic disease, pericardial disease, congenital heart disease, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and cardiac masses, and several of these require that an echocardiogram was inconclusive or expected to be non-diagnostic. Requests for indications not listed are subject to medical review, and when CT, radionuclide studies, ultrasound or other MRI are also performed, the physician must document the specific information the additional test is expected to provide. Aetna considers absolute quantification of myocardial blood flow, four-dimensional flow cardiac MRI, whole heart coronary MR angiography, ferumoxytol-enhanced cardiac MRI, and cardiac MRI used as a screening test to be experimental, investigational or unproven.
Aetna · Identified Aug 17, 2026Medium impact
ADAMTS13 Assay for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) (CPB 0780, reviewed 2026-04-27)
Aetna considers the ADAMTS13 assay medically necessary for assessing prognosis in persons with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and for distinguishing hematopoietic stem cell transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (HSCT-TMA, also called transplant-associated TMA) from TTP in persons with overlapping features when the test will be used to inform treatment. Aetna considers the assay experimental, investigational, or unproven for the uses it lists because of insufficient evidence, including sepsis-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, acute myelogenous leukemia, colorectal cancer survival, COVID-19, cerebral infarction, and ADAMTS13 mutation testing for non-cirrhotic portal hypertension.
Aetna · Identified Aug 17, 2026Medium impact
Leadless Cardiac Pacemaker (CPB 0893, reviewed 2025-12-22)
Aetna considers FDA-approved leadless cardiac pacemakers, such as the Micra and Aveir systems, medically necessary when the member has symptomatic paroxysmal or permanent high-grade atrioventricular block, symptomatic bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, or sinus node dysfunction (sinus bradycardia or sinus pauses), and also has a significant contraindication that precludes placement of conventional single chamber ventricular pacemaker leads. The listed contraindications are a history of an endovascular or cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection or high risk for infection, limited access for trans-venous pacing, and the presence of a bio-prosthetic tricuspid valve. Aetna considers leadless pacemakers experimental, investigational, or unproven for all other indications, and considers a leadless pacemaker combined with cardiac resynchronization therapy, or with a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of sudden cardiac death, experimental, investigational, or unproven.
Aetna · Identified Aug 16, 2026Medium impact
Irreversible Electroporation (NanoKnife) (CPB 0828, reviewed 2026-03-03)
This is an older Aetna clinical policy bulletin (CPB 0828) on irreversible electroporation (IRE), including the NanoKnife system for tissue ablation. It was last reviewed 03/03/2026, and its original effective date is 06/15/2012. Aetna considers IRE experimental, investigational or unproven for all indications, including the listed indications such as hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal masses, lung nodules and breast cancer, because the peer-reviewed literature has insufficient evidence.
Aetna · Identified Aug 15, 2026Medium impact
Celiac Disease Laboratory Testing (CPB 0561, reviewed 2026-08-03)
Serological testing for IgA anti-human tissue transglutaminase (TTG), IgG and IgA deamidated gliadin (DGP), and IgA anti-endomysial (EMA) antibodies is medically necessary as a preliminary diagnostic test for persons with symptoms suggestive of celiac disease, to monitor response to a gluten-free diet, to screen first-degree relatives of individuals with celiac disease, and to screen persons with type 1 diabetes. HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genetic testing is medically necessary for listed situations, including seronegative persons with equivocal small bowel histology findings (Marsh I-II), evaluation of persons on a gluten-free diet in whom no serologic testing was performed before starting it, and persons with Down syndrome. Anti-gliadin antibody (AGA) and anti-reticulin antibody (ARA) testing, the Prometheus Celiac Plus Panel, and HLA genotyping for screening persons with type 1 diabetes are experimental, investigational, or unproven.
Aetna · Identified Aug 15, 2026Medium impact
Cardiac Devices and Procedures for Occlusion of the Left Atrial Appendage (CPB 0791, reviewed 2026-06-25)
Aetna's Clinical Policy Bulletin 0791 covers percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) for non-valvular atrial fibrillation only when the device has FDA premarket approval for its FDA-approved indication, the member meets the listed criteria, and LAAC is used as second-line therapy after oral anticoagulants. Surgical left atrial appendage ligation is covered for members with atrial fibrillation and a CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc score of at least 2 who are undergoing open heart surgery and will continue long-term anticoagulation after surgery. Exclusion of the appendage alone during open heart surgery, the AtriClip device, and percutaneous closure with any device other than the Amplatzer Amulet and Watchman are listed as experimental, investigational, or unproven.
Aetna · Identified Aug 14, 2026Medium impact
Prothrombin Time (INR) Home Testing Devices (CPB 0173, reviewed 2026-03-20)
Aetna clinical policy bulletin 0173 considers prothrombin time (INR) home testing units medically necessary durable medical equipment for patients on chronic warfarin for a mechanical heart valve, ventricular assist device, chronic atrial fibrillation, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, venous embolism and thrombosis of deep vessels of the lower extremity, or hypercoagulable states, when the expected need for home INR testing is 6 or more months, the patient has been anticoagulated for at least 3 months before using the device, and self-testing does not occur more than once a week. Aetna considers the units experimental, investigational, or unproven for all other indications, including arterial embolism to the eye, atrial flutter, and Kawasaki disease.
Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi · Identified Jun 20, 2026Medium impact
Open and Thoracoscopic Approaches to Treat Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter (Maze and Related Procedures)
BCBSMS considers the maze or modified maze procedure, performed on a non-beating heart during cardiopulmonary bypass with concomitant cardiac surgery, medically necessary for the treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation or flutter. Stand-alone minimally invasive, off-pump maze procedures, including those done via mini-thoracotomy, are considered investigational, as is hybrid ablation (a combined percutaneous and thoracoscopic approach). An open maze or modified maze performed on a non-beating heart during cardiopulmonary bypass without concomitant cardiac surgery is also considered investigational.
Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi · Identified Jun 20, 2026Medium impact
Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure with an FDA-approved device, such as the Watchman or Amplatzer Amulet, may be considered medically necessary to prevent stroke in individuals with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation when they have an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism by CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc score, systemic anticoagulation is recommended, and the long-term risks of systemic anticoagulation outweigh the risks of device implantation. Individuals who do not meet these criteria are considered investigational for FDA-approved devices, and other left atrial appendage closure devices, including the Lariat and Amplatzer Cardiac Plug, are considered investigational for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. The balance of risks and benefits is determined on an individual basis.
Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi · Identified Jun 20, 2026Medium impact
Catheter Ablation as Treatment for Atrial Fibrillation
Transcatheter radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation or pulsed field ablation for atrial fibrillation may be considered medically necessary for symptomatic paroxysmal or symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation that has failed to respond to adequate trials of antiarrhythmic medications, or as an alternative to atrioventricular nodal ablation and pacemaker insertion in individuals with class II or III congestive heart failure and symptomatic atrial fibrillation. It may also be considered medically necessary as an initial treatment for recurrent symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (more than 1 episode, with 4 or fewer episodes in the previous 6 months) when a rhythm-control strategy is desired, and repeat ablation may be considered for recurrence of atrial fibrillation or development of atrial flutter following the initial procedure. Ablation for atrial fibrillation that does not meet these criteria is considered investigational.
Independence Blue Cross · Identified Jun 19, 2026Low impact
MA11.013c, Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Closure for Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation (NVAF)
This is a reissue with no substantive changes to Independence Blue Cross Medicare Advantage policy MA11.013c regarding percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure for non-valvular atrial fibrillation. The policy confirms Coverage with Evidence Development (CED) eligibility for patients enrolled in CMS-approved clinical studies and requires Modifier Q0 with CPT 33340 for billing investigational services. No new coverage or billing requirements have been implemented.
Independence Blue Cross · Identified Jun 19, 2026Low impact
MA11.060h, Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Independence Blue Cross reissued Medical Policy MA11.060h on 06/10/2026 as part of their annual review process with no substantive coverage changes. CPT code 93656 narrative was revised effective 01/01/2025 due to annual CPT code updates. The policy continues to cover catheter ablation for supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias under specified medical necessity criteria for Medicare Advantage members.
Independence Blue Cross · Identified Jun 19, 2026Low impact
MA11.060h, Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Independence Blue Cross reissued MA11.060h (now superseded by MA11.060i) as part of their annual review process on 06/10/2026. This is a routine policy reissuance with no substantive changes to coverage criteria for catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. A CPT code update (93656) was processed effective 01/01/2025, but the policy itself maintains existing coverage requirements for supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.
Independence Blue Cross · Identified Jun 19, 2026Low impact
11.02.26c, Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
This is a reissue with no substantive changes to policy 11.02.26c regarding percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure devices for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. The policy continues to cover FDA-approved devices (Watchman and Amplatzer Amulet) as medically necessary when specific stroke and bleeding risk criteria are met. No changes to billing codes, coverage criteria, or documentation requirements have been made in this reissue.
Independence Blue Cross · Identified Jun 19, 2026Low impact
11.02.26c, Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
This is a reissue with no substantive changes to Independence Blue Cross policy 11.02.26c regarding percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure devices for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. The policy continues to cover FDA-approved devices (Watchman and Amplatzer Amulet) when specific stroke risk, bleeding risk, and clinical criteria are met. No new billing codes, coverage modifications, or documentation requirements have been introduced in this reissue.

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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What insurance policy changes affect code I48.91?

There are 16 tracked policy changes affecting code I48.91, including updates from Excellus BlueCross BlueShield, Aetna, Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi. Each change may modify coverage criteria, reimbursement rates, or prior-authorization requirements.

Which payers have updated policy for code I48.91?

Payers that have issued tracked updates for code I48.91 include: Excellus BlueCross BlueShield, Aetna, Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi, Independence Blue Cross.

How do I get notified when code I48.91 policy changes?

Create a free account at PolicyChanges.app and save a search filtered to code I48.91. You will get an email when new policy changes reference this code: daily or weekly, your choice, on every plan.

Why do payers change policies for code I48.91?

Payers revise policies for individual billing codes to align with updated clinical guidelines, CMS rule changes, fraud and abuse prevention measures, or network cost-management goals. Changes can affect medical necessity criteria, place-of-service restrictions, bundling rules, or whether a code requires prior authorization.

All billing codes J3590 C9399 J3490 99215 99213 99202

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Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices 7.01.92

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cardiovascular System - Cardiac MRI (CPB 0520, reviewed 2025-08-13)

ADAMTS13 Assay for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) (CPB 0780, reviewed 2026-04-27)

Leadless Cardiac Pacemaker (CPB 0893, reviewed 2025-12-22)

Irreversible Electroporation (NanoKnife) (CPB 0828, reviewed 2026-03-03)

Celiac Disease Laboratory Testing (CPB 0561, reviewed 2026-08-03)

Cardiac Devices and Procedures for Occlusion of the Left Atrial Appendage (CPB 0791, reviewed 2026-06-25)

Prothrombin Time (INR) Home Testing Devices (CPB 0173, reviewed 2026-03-20)

Open and Thoracoscopic Approaches to Treat Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter (Maze and Related Procedures)

Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation

Catheter Ablation as Treatment for Atrial Fibrillation

MA11.013c, Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Closure for Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation (NVAF)

MA11.060h, Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias