Liver and Other Neoplasms - Treatment Approaches (CPB 0268, reviewed 2026-09-18)
Aetna considers percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) medically necessary for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without extra-hepatic spread and for neuroendocrine cancers involving the liver. Chemoembolization is medically necessary for neuroendocrine cancers involving the liver, unresectable primary HCC, liver-only metastasis from uveal melanoma, and pre-operative hepatic artery chemoembolization followed by orthotopic liver transplantation for HCC. Intra-hepatic microspheres (TheraSphere, SIR-Spheres, also known as trans-arterial radio-embolization) are medically necessary for neuroendocrine cancers involving the liver, unresectable primary HCC, unresectable liver tumors from primary colorectal cancer, unresectable and chemo-refractory intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma with liver metastases only, and pre-operative use as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation for HCC. Intra-hepatic chemotherapy is medically necessary for members with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Many other uses are listed as experimental, investigational or unproven, including chemoembolization for palliative treatment of liver metastases from non-neuroendocrine primaries, PEI for liver neoplasms when the criteria above are not met, combined electrochemotherapy and immunotherapy for HCC, the TriNav Infusion System, the TheraBionic P1 System, and degradable starch microsphere chemoembolization for HCC.