Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) (CPB 0546, reviewed 2026-08-27)
Aetna considers ECMO medically necessary for neonates who meet all of these criteria: a listed diagnosis (congenital diaphragmatic hernia, hyaline membrane disease, meconium aspiration, persistent fetal circulation, possible cardiac anomaly, refractory neonatal septic shock, respiratory distress syndrome, or uncontrollable air leak), gestational age of at least 34 weeks, birth weight of 2,000 grams or greater, and age less than 10 days (preferably less than 7 days). For children and adults, ECMO and extracorporeal life support are considered medically necessary for listed diagnoses when the risk of death is very high despite optimal conventional therapy, including ARDS, a short-term bridge to heart, liver, lung or heart-lung transplantation or to durable mechanical circulatory support, support following heart surgery to ease the transition from cardiopulmonary bypass to ventilation, non-necrotizing pneumonias, primary graft failure after transplant, pulmonary contusion, refractory pediatric septic shock, smoke inhalation injury, and other reversible causes of respiratory or cardiac failure unresponsive to all other measures. Aetna considers ECMO experimental, investigational, or unproven for all other indications, including acute coronary syndromes, acute massive pulmonary embolism, burns not accompanied by ARDS, cardiogenic shock or smoke inhalation injury, sepsis other than refractory pediatric septic shock, refractory status asthmaticus, tuberculosis, and drug overdose.